Introduction Sidebone is defined as the ossification of the collateral cartilages  of the distal phalanx in the equine foot and is a common finding in many horses, particularly in the forelimbs of heavier breeds and those subjected to repetitive concussion (Beasley 2024; Gray 2025). The collateral cartilages normally provide elastic support and shock absorption  as the hoof deforms and expands under load, an essential function for dissipating forces transmitted through the limb during...

Anatomy and function of the suspensory ligament

Introduction Medio lateral balance is a foundational concept in farriery that directly influences equine soundness, joint stability and performance. It refers to the distribution of load between the medial and lateral sides of the hoof and limb throughout stance and locomotion. Although often oversimplified as symmetry of the hoof capsule, true medio lateral balance is a functional relationship that integrates conformation, muscular dynamics, hoof capsule geometry and movement patterns...